Colorectal cancer, also known as colon cancer, is one of the most prevalent forms of cancer worldwide. It’s the second leading cause of cancer-related death in the United States, yet it remains largely preventable when detected early.

According to the Centers for Disease Control, Colorectal cancer often develops slowly, starting with precancerous polyps (small growths in the lining of the colon or rectum). These polyps typically don’t cause any symptoms in the early stages, which is why many people may have the disease without knowing it. As a result, the cancer can progress to a more advanced stage before symptoms appear — when it is harder to treat. Common symptoms of colorectal cancer include:

• Blood in the stool or rectal bleeding
• Unexplained weight loss
• Abdominal pain, cramping, or bloating
• Persistent changes in bowel habits (such as diarrhea or constipation)
• Fatigue or weakness

The Importance of Early Detection
Screening tests can detect colon cancer before symptoms appear, and even help prevent it by identifying  precancerous polyps so they can be removed before they develop into cancer.

Early-stage cancers are typically treated with surgery to remove the tumor, sometimes followed by chemotherapy or radiation therapy to eliminate any remaining cancerous cells. The five-year survival rate for localized colorectal cancer (cancer that hasn’t spread) is over 90%. However, once cancer has spread to other organs, the survival rate drops dramatically.

Who Should Be Tested?
Colon cancer doesn’t discriminate — it can affect anyone. So, everyone 45 years or older and those at higher risk should be screened. Those at higher risk include those with:

• Family history of colorectal cancer: If you have a first-degree relative (parent, sibling, or child) who has had colorectal cancer, you are at a higher risk and may need to begin screenings earlier than the general population.
• Genetic conditions: Some inherited genetic syndromes increase the risk of developing colorectal cancer. If you have a family history that puts you at increased risk, you may need to be tested as early as your teens or early 20s.
• Other risk factors: People with a history of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), such as Crohn’s disease or ulcerative colitis, are also at an increased risk and should discuss screening options with their doctor.

How Do You Test?
Colorectal cancer screening is available in several types of tests:

• Colonoscopy: The most common screening method allows a doctor to visually inspect the entire colon and rectum for polyps or cancer. If polyps are found, they can be removed during the procedure, preventing cancer from developing.
• Fecal Occult Blood Test (FOBT) or Fecal Immunochemical Test (FIT): These tests check for hidden blood in the stool, which may be a sign of colorectal cancer. If blood is detected, further testing, such as a colonoscopy, will be necessary.
• Flexible Sigmoidoscopy: A less invasive procedure that examines the lower part of the colon and rectum. It is typically done every five years if results are normal.
• CT Colonography (Virtual Colonoscopy): This less common method uses CT scans to create detailed images of the colon. Like a colonoscopy, any abnormalities would require follow-up.

It’s essential to consult with your doctor to determine the test is the best approach for you (NIH).

Seeking Testing
If you’re due for a screening or concerned about your risk of colorectal cancer, your first step should be to talk to your primary care health care provider. They can assess your risk, recommend the appropriate screening method, and refer you to a specialist if necessary. Most insurance plans cover the cost of screenings. Check with your insurance provider to ensure coverage (American Cancer Society).

If you experience symptoms like blood in your stool, unexplained weight loss, or changes in bowel habits, don’t wait for your next scheduled screening. See your doctor right away, as early intervention can save lives (Colorectal Cancer Alliance).

If you are at risk or are over 45 years old, ensure that you are screened for colorectal cancer so that you have the best chance at successful treatment. Take control of your health — talk to your doctor, get screened, and encourage others to do the same. It could save your life — get screened today.