The Thyroid is a small but crucial gland in the neck that regulates metabolism, energy levels, and overall bodily functions by producing thyroid hormones. The Thyroid is part of the endocrine system, and its main purpose is to regulate your metabolism but when it is not working right it can affect your whole body.

Thyroid disease is a general term for a medical condition that keeps your Thyroid from making the right amount of hormones. When the Thyroid malfunctions, it can lead to various conditions, including hyperthyroidism, hypothyroidism, and autoimmune diseases like Hashimoto’s disease.  Thyroid disease can affect people of all ages.

Hyperthyroidism occurs when the Thyroid produces too much Thyroid hormone, leading to an overactive metabolism. Symptoms include weight loss despite increased appetite, rapid heartbeat, anxiety, tremors, excessive sweating, and insomnia. The most common cause is Graves’ disease, an autoimmune condition.

In contrast, hypothyroidism is characterized by an underactive Thyroid, which produces insufficient hormones. This results in fatigue, weight gain, depression, cold intolerance, dry skin, and hair thinning. The most common cause of hypothyroidism is Hashimoto’s disease, an autoimmune disorder where the immune system attacks the Thyroid, gradually impairing its function.

Iodine deficiency can impair Thyroid function and lead to goiters (enlarged thyroid glands). Iodine is essential for the production of Thyroid hormones, and insufficient intake can lead to hypothyroidism, especially in regions where iodine is not commonly found in the diet.

Treatment for Thyroid diseases depends on the condition. Hyperthyroidism can be managed with medications like beta-blockers or anti-thyroid drugs, radioactive iodine therapy, or surgery in severe cases. Hypothyroidism is typically treated with Thyroid hormone replacement therapy, such as levothyroxine. Monitoring iodine intake, through diet or supplementation, can also prevent deficiency-related thyroid issues.

Understanding these Thyroid conditions can lead to earlier diagnosis and more effective treatment, improving the quality of life for those affected. About 20 million people in the United States have some type of thyroid condition.

For more information on Thyroid disease, visit the American Thyroid Association or the National Organization for Rare Disorders websites. If you think you have signs of Thyroid disease, contact your primary care provider.